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irony in everything that rises must converge
", Numerous clues appear to reinforce this view of Mrs. Chestny. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. The Black woman, after all, gets off at the same bus stop as Julians mother, but there is nothing to suggest that she, too, is headed for the Y. It was Flannery OConnors contention that the strange characters who populate her world are essentially no different from you and me. Her doctor had told Julians mother that she must lose twenty pounds on account of her blood pressure, so on Wednesday nights Julian had to take her downtown on the bus for a reducing class at the Y. It is always Julians mother, she is given no name. For instance, it is clear that Emily would have a hard time going through life without the help of his father. Critical attention to her work continues. Observing the shocked look on her face as she sees the black woman sit beside him, Julian is convinced that it is caused by her recognition that "she and the woman had, in a sense, swapped sons." Our reading of Julians mother, then, is made for us by him, so that one might very well see the basic plot line as dealing with an old-guard Southern lady, afraid to ride the buses, as our anonymous reviewer put it. . The same situation applies to Emily who is a respected member of the society and cannot find a suitor who is good enough for her. Julians mother perceives the rise of African American people as related to her own familys fall from the social and economic heights it enjoyed before the Civil War. One evening, following the racial integration of the public buses in the South, Julian Chestny is accompanying his mother to an exercise class at the "Y." and any corresponding bookmarks? StudyCorgi. Our Teacher Edition on Everything That Rises Must Converge can help. Actually it is he who lives in the past, though only his own private past, for he can deal only in abstractions fed by reverie and memory. The old manners and your graciousness is not worth a damn. She is breathing hard but Julian doesnt recognize that she is in physical distress. On an integrated bus, he forces her to address her prejudices, hoping to teach her a lesson about race relations, justice, and the modern world. At the end of time, all Beings will be as one in God. OConnor utilizes biting irony to expose the blindness and ignorance of her characters. In 1949 she moved to New York City. Teilhard offers a Catholic version of the science of evolution, theorizing that lower life forms evolved toward greater diversity and complexity, rising to the level of man, who exists at the midpoint between animal life and God. Julians mother, however, is but a pale copy of Scarlett. Julian dreads the trips, but feels obligated to do as she wishes. O'Connor made Hulga a vulnerable and grumpy to purposely persuade the reader that Hulga was not a loving person, whereas Manley was a Bible salesman and appeared to be a good Christian man. The final convergence in the story begins when Julian discovers that his mother is more seriously hurt than he had suspected. Julian considers himself as liberal and progressive because he rejects his mothers racist views; yet it becomes clear his views come from an attempt to antagonize his mother, not from a thoughtful worldview. Typical of an OConnor work, this story has meaning on several levels; especially, the allusion to Chardins theory of convergence offers an enriching dimension to the story. Once Emily becomes involved with lowly placed Homer, her stature in the society diminishes and she eventually becomes obscure to the town dwellers. StudyCorgi. PLOT SUMMARY In Everything That Rises Must Converge, Julians mother refuses to ride the bus alone; this implies that sharing the same vehicle with African Americans would compromise either her safety or her dignity. As Patricia Dinneen Maida points, One element which she could count on being familiar to any American reader from any socioeconomic or educational stratum was, however, Margaret Mitchells Gone with the Wind (1936). Imagery deflates ego. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Times, however, have changed. ., The obverse of the Lincoln cent bears the portrait of its namesake, to the left of which is the motto LIBERTY. The chief feature of the reverse is a representation of the Lincoln Memorial. The textual references to rising in Everything That Rises Must Converge refer literally to problems of race and social class that were reaching a, These are some of the ways that OConnor shows the terribly compromised ways that people rise and converge. Is she so different from Julian, though? Since the main impetus towards desegregation came from the U.S. Federal Government, the resistance of Southern white reactionaries threatened to create strife not just between the races, but also between Dixie and the rest of the nation. It recalls those errors of our childhood in which we take pleasure in our superiority over those younger than we. But the glimmer of hope shines only after he has been illuminated by the experience. They too believe deeply in manners and propriety while not believing in basic human equality. Although the story is narrated in the third person,. Her comments, "They [the blacks] should rise, yes, but on their own side of the fence," and "The ones I feel sorry for . As is illustrated by the case of Everything That Rises Must Converge, those echoes could be used, comically or otherwise, to help guide our responses to the often enigmatic fiction of Flannery OConnor. This demonstrates again that Julian might be more interested in the appearance of a liberal value system than he is in acting in a sincerely progressive manner. Many critics view OConnors use of irony as integral to her moral outlook. personal implications. In another remote reference to religion, Julians mother attends a weight reduction class at the Y the Young Womens Christian Association. If copyright protection applies, permission must be obtained from the copyright holder to reuse, publish, or reproduce the object beyond the bounds of Fair Use or other . Some critics find OConnors satire heavy-handed, but others argue that her harsh portrayals must be understood in relationship to her more subtle use of irony and in contrast to the glimpses of redemption she offers her fallen characters at the violent conclusions of her stories. In his study of Flannery OConnor, [Stanley Edgar] Hyman contends that any discussion of her theology can only be preliminary to, not a substitute for, aesthetic analysis and evaluation. Aesthetically, Miss OConnor strived to produce a view of reality in the most direct and concrete terms. . She is a tenderhearted child who doesnt like to see anyone hurt. She looks at him like she doesnt know him and heads in the direction of home. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. On the surface, "Everything That Rises Must Converge" appears to be a simple story. For one, Julian has ambitions of living a good life but he is unable to find away to achieve it. The ultimate situational irony depicts the actual state of the Griersons when Emily becomes forgotten by the townsfolk who do not even care to check on her. The second is implied by the Lincoln cent as recalling the Civil War. . Although grateful for her financial and emotional support, Julian is proud of himself for being able to see her objectively and not allowing himself to be dominated by her. Regarding the second, the Supreme Court decision of 1954 and its aftereffects (including the sit-ins of 1960) constitute the immediate historical background for the action of Everything that Rises . The story suggests how the crumbling of the Jim Crow system was making possible a new liberty for Negroes in the South. It is he who takes what Teilhard describes as "the dangerous course of seeking fulfillment in isolation." Do you think that one needs to be Catholic to fully understand Everything That Rises Must Converge? bookmarked pages associated with this title. In The Phenomenon of Man, Teilhard argues that "the goal of ourselves" is not to be found in our individuality but in the surrender of our ego to the Divine: "The true ego grows in inverse proportion to 'egotism.'" It is ironically appropriate, then, that a working girl over fifty in youth-minded America would go to the Y for a reducing class, apparently oblivious to the Associations tradition of Christian living and racial understanding. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The opening scene establishes several threads central to this story, most importantly both Julian and his Mothers perspectives on race relations in the South and their relationship to each other. What is reality? One of the most important ironies in the story is that Mrs. Chestny's very expensive and unique hat is also worn by an African-American woman on the bus. And she wanted her vision not only to be seen for what it was but also to be taken seriously. Their shared concern for acting in a fashion befitting ones social class displays, again, a stronger commitment to. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. This passage underscores the inconsistencies in Julians image of himself. For example, Julian deludes himself into thinking that no one means anything to him; he shuts himself off from his fellows and becomes the victim of his own egotism. He considers his views on integration liberal and progressive, but they turn out to be merely an attempt to punish his mother. The statement that Dixie is clearly retarded does not fit with the assertions of the psychiatrists. Julian's mother, for example, believes "if you know who you are you can go anywhere" (16) and her catchphrase is "Rome wasn't built in a day" (8). Jeffersons enlightened attitudes towards slavery, which anticipate Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, are diametrically opposed to those of Julians mother. StudyCorgi, 10 June 2022, studycorgi.com/irony-in-everything-that-rises-must-converge-and-a-rose-for-emily/. Julians Mothers interactions with Carver reveal the twisted brand of kindness exhibited by someone who is racist but who also believes in manners. One element which she could count on being familiar to any American reader from any socioeconomic or educational stratum was, however, Margaret Mitchells Gone with the Wind (1936). 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Theme and Irony in the story Everything that Rises Must Converge. That the African American woman wears the same hata hat that Julians mother had to scrimp to pay foris testament to how far Julians mother has fallen economically and socially. Irony in Everything That Rises Must Converge is one of the most prominent literary devices. She eventually decides to wear it, commenting that the hat was worth the extra money because others wont have the same one. The story concerns questions of right and wrong, with the contrasting moral sensibilities of Julian and his mother forming the basis of the plots conflict. Such egotism is suggested by the name Godhigh borne by Julians grandmother. Irony in Everything That Rises Must Converge and A Rose for Emily. To assume that such attitudes always conceal a hatred for blacks is an error into which many unthinking liberals fall. The gesture would be as natural to her as breathing. He, rather than his mother, can feel now the symbolic significance of her act, though he is not yet ready to realize it. For the world Julian insists upon as changed from the world he takes his mother to dwell in is the world of time untouched by that transcendent love that begins to threaten him. The novelist with Christian concerns will find in modern life distortions which are repugnant to him, and his problem will be to make these appear as distortions to an audience which is used to seeing them as natural, OConnor contends. His is a retreat into the memory such as he accuses his mother of, and in that retreat he realizes that it is the hat that is familiar. There is no copy of Gone with the Wind in Flannery OConnors personal library; but in view of her considerable knowledge of southern literature, it is difficult to believe that she had never read Mitchells novel. His seething resentment of his mother and evil urge to break her spirit are evidence of his lack of objectivity and his deep, emotional involvement with his mother. He literally torments her to death. She asks for her Grandpa, then for her childhood nurse, Caroline. OConnor, Flannery. More specifically, OConnor evidently saw the progress of race relations in the South since the Civil War as part of the convergence of all humanity towards Omega point. In such a world, where the possibilities of love are ignored, things and actions are ultimately only mechanical. His mothers return to her childhood at the moment of death, her acting just like a child a Julian says, leads her to call for Grandpa and then for her old nurse Caroline. Only at this point does Julian realize her serious condition. When OConnor was thirteen, her father was diagnosed with disseminated lupus, a hereditary disease. . Faulkner, William. The hypocrisy behind this line of thought is revealed through Julians fantasies about living in a luxurious mansion such as the one her mother used to live in. Chardin describes grace as Christic energy, an illuminating force operative on the minds of men. When another administration comes into power and demands taxes from Emily, she instructs the tax collectors to talk to Colonel Sartoris who has been dead for ten years. What is Flannery O Connor's best work? For OConnor, Julians mother would be painfully typical of most mid-century Americans, who neither understand nor appreciate the meaning and purpose of the original Young Womens Christian Association. In the interest of getting beyond the topical materials of the story, to those qualities of it that will make it endure in our literature, I should like to examine it in some detail, starting, as seems most economical, with a particularly superficial evaluation of it which Miss OConnor called to my attention. Julians mother holds[s] herself very erect under the preposterous hat, wearing it like a banner of her imaginary dignity. A self-pitying Julian wait[s] like Saint Sebastian for the arrows to start piercing him. According to OConnors belief system, weakness and sin plague human nature. Writes Seidel: Of all the belles I have studied, she is the only one with green eyes. She interweaves religious references to create a tone of mystery that brings us into a sacred space. As she responded to early interpretations with explicit explanations of her beliefs about art and faith in various lectures and essays (collected in 1969 under the title Mystery and Manners: Occasional Prose), the critical focus shifted toward OConnors moral framework and her religious vision. Interestingly, the other women on the bus share a form of racism similar to Julians Mother. That is why she looks at him trying to determine his identity. He begins to abandon his separateness (Are we walking [home].) Still, when she ignores him, he reads her the stock lesson of our moment of time. In the world made by a George Washington Carver with synthetics on the one hand and by Sartre with synthetic existence on the other (the worlds pursued by the Negress and Julian respectively) things and actions have a value in respect to their surfaces. It is he who also recognizes that "the old manners are obsolete" and that his mother's "graciousness is not worth a damn." Whether Julians mother consciously has Scarlett in mind is a moot point. In a society where man is fragmented from his fellow man, however, such gifts have come to be suspect temptations to perversion, acts of condescension, or, at the very least, attempts by old busybodies trying to stick their noses where they are not wanted. At this point we might reconsider Julians mother as an old-guard Southern lady. It is perfectly true that her words are such as to make her appear condescending to her inferiors when they are black. For a moment he had an uncomfortable sense of her innocence. But the ultimate horror awaits him after his mother has suffered the stroke: Her face was fiercely distorted. 22 Feb. 2023
29 de março de 2023
", Numerous clues appear to reinforce this view of Mrs. Chestny. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. The Black woman, after all, gets off at the same bus stop as Julians mother, but there is nothing to suggest that she, too, is headed for the Y. It was Flannery OConnors contention that the strange characters who populate her world are essentially no different from you and me. Her doctor had told Julians mother that she must lose twenty pounds on account of her blood pressure, so on Wednesday nights Julian had to take her downtown on the bus for a reducing class at the Y. It is always Julians mother, she is given no name. For instance, it is clear that Emily would have a hard time going through life without the help of his father. Critical attention to her work continues. Observing the shocked look on her face as she sees the black woman sit beside him, Julian is convinced that it is caused by her recognition that "she and the woman had, in a sense, swapped sons." Our reading of Julians mother, then, is made for us by him, so that one might very well see the basic plot line as dealing with an old-guard Southern lady, afraid to ride the buses, as our anonymous reviewer put it. . The same situation applies to Emily who is a respected member of the society and cannot find a suitor who is good enough for her. Julians mother perceives the rise of African American people as related to her own familys fall from the social and economic heights it enjoyed before the Civil War. One evening, following the racial integration of the public buses in the South, Julian Chestny is accompanying his mother to an exercise class at the "Y." and any corresponding bookmarks? StudyCorgi. Our Teacher Edition on Everything That Rises Must Converge can help. Actually it is he who lives in the past, though only his own private past, for he can deal only in abstractions fed by reverie and memory. The old manners and your graciousness is not worth a damn. She is breathing hard but Julian doesnt recognize that she is in physical distress. On an integrated bus, he forces her to address her prejudices, hoping to teach her a lesson about race relations, justice, and the modern world. At the end of time, all Beings will be as one in God. OConnor utilizes biting irony to expose the blindness and ignorance of her characters. In 1949 she moved to New York City. Teilhard offers a Catholic version of the science of evolution, theorizing that lower life forms evolved toward greater diversity and complexity, rising to the level of man, who exists at the midpoint between animal life and God. Julians mother, however, is but a pale copy of Scarlett. Julian dreads the trips, but feels obligated to do as she wishes. O'Connor made Hulga a vulnerable and grumpy to purposely persuade the reader that Hulga was not a loving person, whereas Manley was a Bible salesman and appeared to be a good Christian man. The final convergence in the story begins when Julian discovers that his mother is more seriously hurt than he had suspected. Julian considers himself as liberal and progressive because he rejects his mothers racist views; yet it becomes clear his views come from an attempt to antagonize his mother, not from a thoughtful worldview. Typical of an OConnor work, this story has meaning on several levels; especially, the allusion to Chardins theory of convergence offers an enriching dimension to the story. Once Emily becomes involved with lowly placed Homer, her stature in the society diminishes and she eventually becomes obscure to the town dwellers. StudyCorgi. PLOT SUMMARY In Everything That Rises Must Converge, Julians mother refuses to ride the bus alone; this implies that sharing the same vehicle with African Americans would compromise either her safety or her dignity. As Patricia Dinneen Maida points, One element which she could count on being familiar to any American reader from any socioeconomic or educational stratum was, however, Margaret Mitchells Gone with the Wind (1936). Imagery deflates ego. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Times, however, have changed. ., The obverse of the Lincoln cent bears the portrait of its namesake, to the left of which is the motto LIBERTY. The chief feature of the reverse is a representation of the Lincoln Memorial. The textual references to rising in Everything That Rises Must Converge refer literally to problems of race and social class that were reaching a, These are some of the ways that OConnor shows the terribly compromised ways that people rise and converge. Is she so different from Julian, though? Since the main impetus towards desegregation came from the U.S. Federal Government, the resistance of Southern white reactionaries threatened to create strife not just between the races, but also between Dixie and the rest of the nation. It recalls those errors of our childhood in which we take pleasure in our superiority over those younger than we. But the glimmer of hope shines only after he has been illuminated by the experience. They too believe deeply in manners and propriety while not believing in basic human equality. Although the story is narrated in the third person,. Her comments, "They [the blacks] should rise, yes, but on their own side of the fence," and "The ones I feel sorry for . As is illustrated by the case of Everything That Rises Must Converge, those echoes could be used, comically or otherwise, to help guide our responses to the often enigmatic fiction of Flannery OConnor. This demonstrates again that Julian might be more interested in the appearance of a liberal value system than he is in acting in a sincerely progressive manner. Many critics view OConnors use of irony as integral to her moral outlook. personal implications. In another remote reference to religion, Julians mother attends a weight reduction class at the Y the Young Womens Christian Association. If copyright protection applies, permission must be obtained from the copyright holder to reuse, publish, or reproduce the object beyond the bounds of Fair Use or other . Some critics find OConnors satire heavy-handed, but others argue that her harsh portrayals must be understood in relationship to her more subtle use of irony and in contrast to the glimpses of redemption she offers her fallen characters at the violent conclusions of her stories. In his study of Flannery OConnor, [Stanley Edgar] Hyman contends that any discussion of her theology can only be preliminary to, not a substitute for, aesthetic analysis and evaluation. Aesthetically, Miss OConnor strived to produce a view of reality in the most direct and concrete terms. . She is a tenderhearted child who doesnt like to see anyone hurt. She looks at him like she doesnt know him and heads in the direction of home. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. On the surface, "Everything That Rises Must Converge" appears to be a simple story. For one, Julian has ambitions of living a good life but he is unable to find away to achieve it. The ultimate situational irony depicts the actual state of the Griersons when Emily becomes forgotten by the townsfolk who do not even care to check on her. The second is implied by the Lincoln cent as recalling the Civil War. . Although grateful for her financial and emotional support, Julian is proud of himself for being able to see her objectively and not allowing himself to be dominated by her. Regarding the second, the Supreme Court decision of 1954 and its aftereffects (including the sit-ins of 1960) constitute the immediate historical background for the action of Everything that Rises . The story suggests how the crumbling of the Jim Crow system was making possible a new liberty for Negroes in the South. It is he who takes what Teilhard describes as "the dangerous course of seeking fulfillment in isolation." Do you think that one needs to be Catholic to fully understand Everything That Rises Must Converge? bookmarked pages associated with this title. In The Phenomenon of Man, Teilhard argues that "the goal of ourselves" is not to be found in our individuality but in the surrender of our ego to the Divine: "The true ego grows in inverse proportion to 'egotism.'" It is ironically appropriate, then, that a working girl over fifty in youth-minded America would go to the Y for a reducing class, apparently oblivious to the Associations tradition of Christian living and racial understanding. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The opening scene establishes several threads central to this story, most importantly both Julian and his Mothers perspectives on race relations in the South and their relationship to each other. What is reality? One of the most important ironies in the story is that Mrs. Chestny's very expensive and unique hat is also worn by an African-American woman on the bus. And she wanted her vision not only to be seen for what it was but also to be taken seriously. Their shared concern for acting in a fashion befitting ones social class displays, again, a stronger commitment to. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. This passage underscores the inconsistencies in Julians image of himself. For example, Julian deludes himself into thinking that no one means anything to him; he shuts himself off from his fellows and becomes the victim of his own egotism. He considers his views on integration liberal and progressive, but they turn out to be merely an attempt to punish his mother. The statement that Dixie is clearly retarded does not fit with the assertions of the psychiatrists. Julian's mother, for example, believes "if you know who you are you can go anywhere" (16) and her catchphrase is "Rome wasn't built in a day" (8). Jeffersons enlightened attitudes towards slavery, which anticipate Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, are diametrically opposed to those of Julians mother. StudyCorgi, 10 June 2022, studycorgi.com/irony-in-everything-that-rises-must-converge-and-a-rose-for-emily/. Julians Mothers interactions with Carver reveal the twisted brand of kindness exhibited by someone who is racist but who also believes in manners. One element which she could count on being familiar to any American reader from any socioeconomic or educational stratum was, however, Margaret Mitchells Gone with the Wind (1936). 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Theme and Irony in the story Everything that Rises Must Converge. That the African American woman wears the same hata hat that Julians mother had to scrimp to pay foris testament to how far Julians mother has fallen economically and socially. Irony in Everything That Rises Must Converge is one of the most prominent literary devices. She eventually decides to wear it, commenting that the hat was worth the extra money because others wont have the same one. The story concerns questions of right and wrong, with the contrasting moral sensibilities of Julian and his mother forming the basis of the plots conflict. Such egotism is suggested by the name Godhigh borne by Julians grandmother. Irony in Everything That Rises Must Converge and A Rose for Emily. To assume that such attitudes always conceal a hatred for blacks is an error into which many unthinking liberals fall. The gesture would be as natural to her as breathing. He, rather than his mother, can feel now the symbolic significance of her act, though he is not yet ready to realize it. For the world Julian insists upon as changed from the world he takes his mother to dwell in is the world of time untouched by that transcendent love that begins to threaten him. The novelist with Christian concerns will find in modern life distortions which are repugnant to him, and his problem will be to make these appear as distortions to an audience which is used to seeing them as natural, OConnor contends. His is a retreat into the memory such as he accuses his mother of, and in that retreat he realizes that it is the hat that is familiar. There is no copy of Gone with the Wind in Flannery OConnors personal library; but in view of her considerable knowledge of southern literature, it is difficult to believe that she had never read Mitchells novel. His seething resentment of his mother and evil urge to break her spirit are evidence of his lack of objectivity and his deep, emotional involvement with his mother. He literally torments her to death. She asks for her Grandpa, then for her childhood nurse, Caroline. OConnor, Flannery. More specifically, OConnor evidently saw the progress of race relations in the South since the Civil War as part of the convergence of all humanity towards Omega point. In such a world, where the possibilities of love are ignored, things and actions are ultimately only mechanical. His mothers return to her childhood at the moment of death, her acting just like a child a Julian says, leads her to call for Grandpa and then for her old nurse Caroline. Only at this point does Julian realize her serious condition. When OConnor was thirteen, her father was diagnosed with disseminated lupus, a hereditary disease. . Faulkner, William. The hypocrisy behind this line of thought is revealed through Julians fantasies about living in a luxurious mansion such as the one her mother used to live in. Chardin describes grace as Christic energy, an illuminating force operative on the minds of men. When another administration comes into power and demands taxes from Emily, she instructs the tax collectors to talk to Colonel Sartoris who has been dead for ten years. What is Flannery O Connor's best work? For OConnor, Julians mother would be painfully typical of most mid-century Americans, who neither understand nor appreciate the meaning and purpose of the original Young Womens Christian Association. In the interest of getting beyond the topical materials of the story, to those qualities of it that will make it endure in our literature, I should like to examine it in some detail, starting, as seems most economical, with a particularly superficial evaluation of it which Miss OConnor called to my attention. Julians mother holds[s] herself very erect under the preposterous hat, wearing it like a banner of her imaginary dignity. A self-pitying Julian wait[s] like Saint Sebastian for the arrows to start piercing him. According to OConnors belief system, weakness and sin plague human nature. Writes Seidel: Of all the belles I have studied, she is the only one with green eyes. She interweaves religious references to create a tone of mystery that brings us into a sacred space. As she responded to early interpretations with explicit explanations of her beliefs about art and faith in various lectures and essays (collected in 1969 under the title Mystery and Manners: Occasional Prose), the critical focus shifted toward OConnors moral framework and her religious vision. Interestingly, the other women on the bus share a form of racism similar to Julians Mother. That is why she looks at him trying to determine his identity. He begins to abandon his separateness (Are we walking [home].) Still, when she ignores him, he reads her the stock lesson of our moment of time. In the world made by a George Washington Carver with synthetics on the one hand and by Sartre with synthetic existence on the other (the worlds pursued by the Negress and Julian respectively) things and actions have a value in respect to their surfaces. It is he who also recognizes that "the old manners are obsolete" and that his mother's "graciousness is not worth a damn." Whether Julians mother consciously has Scarlett in mind is a moot point. In a society where man is fragmented from his fellow man, however, such gifts have come to be suspect temptations to perversion, acts of condescension, or, at the very least, attempts by old busybodies trying to stick their noses where they are not wanted. At this point we might reconsider Julians mother as an old-guard Southern lady. It is perfectly true that her words are such as to make her appear condescending to her inferiors when they are black. For a moment he had an uncomfortable sense of her innocence. But the ultimate horror awaits him after his mother has suffered the stroke: Her face was fiercely distorted. 22 Feb. 2023
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