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tumor volume calculation caliper

NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. The effectiveness of the quasi-continuous (daily) 1/180 dosage (1.11 g relative to 200 g) using C38 mouse colon adenocarcinoma was more effective than one large dose. In order to reduce such deformations on the tumor during measurement, it is possible to reduce the stress on the body of the animal by using two hands. Tumor growth inhibition rate (%); can be calculated using the following formula: = (Vc 1 -Vt 1 )/ (Vc 0 -Vt 0) X 100. where, Vc 1 is the mean tumor volume in the control group at the time of tumor . Figure 12. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. A survey of recent literature revealed the use of 19 different formulas for determining the size of subcutaneous tumors grown as xenografts in nude mice (2 for determining tumor area, 3 for tumor diameter, and 14 for calculating tumor volume). For ultrasonography measurements, we calculated tumor volume . Since, the assumptions made to measure a 3D object with 2D measurements, the error due to the geometrical assumption are larger than the errors due to handling of the animal causing deformation of the tumor, and this aspect, in general, is ignored. The authors also say thanks to Andrs Sztodola, from the 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Institute from Semmelweis University Animal Laboratory, for his technical help during the experiments. Coauthors PK and DG are employed by Gedeon Richter Ltd. Gedeon Richter Ltd. provided support in the form of salaries for authors PK and DG, and in the form of using the resources of Preclinical Imaging Center of Gedeon Richter Ltd., but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. x|jY!==g'{oZ6-JiZ Google Scholar. In order to assess interobserver variation, each . calipers and Water Displacement methods Tumor mimicking objects Vol. Open Access https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.t003. This can happen if the mouse is pressed into the mask or if the body is stretched when held. A tumor image, its 3D shape and all geometrical data are automatically calculated and stored. Treat. A solution to these problems is the TumorImagerTM scanner. No animals were sacrificed before the experimental endpoint. There are no further patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. The data reveals that the mean volume of PTV is 60.8 53.9 cc where these targets exhibit no significant difference between each modality. Since 2004, the target therapy of bevacizumab (Avastin) is widely used to treat colorectal [9], kidney [10], cervical [34], ovarian [35], non-small cell lung cancers [5], melanoma [14] and certain brain tumors (e.g. & Pisani, P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. Tumor Volume Measurement 35, 18341840 (2003). They found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes calculated using different formulas varied substantially. Current standard technique for volume determination of subcutaneously xenografted tumors in vivo is by external caliper where tumor volume is calculated by use of the modified ellipsoid formula 1/2(Length Width 2)[1,2]. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZS PK LK. n5). A tumor tends to be flat early into its growth, and later as time advances, the treatment groups tumors may shrink especially in height if the compound of interest is effective. These model-based protocols can be more effective than the current ones, since they provide individual treatment for the patients. (3), Another relatively new but not widely used approach to estimate tumor volume is to assume hemi-ellipsoid shape [24]. Bousquet, P.F. It can be carried out in vivo during the experiment due to the subcutaneous localization of the tumor. Affiliation In Phase IV, case2 group members received 1.11 g bevacizumab (with 45 l 0.9% NaCl solution) every day form the 8th day for 15 days. The size of maximum tumor volumes observed in our study fulfills the requirements of Hungarian animal experimental research protocol. 19, 6170 (1989). Faustino-Rocha AI, Gama A, Oliveira PA, Alvarado A, Fidalgo-Gonalves L, Ferreira R, Ginja M. Faustino-Rocha AI, Silva A, Gabriel J, Teixeira-Guedes CI, Lopes C, Gil da Costa R, Gama A, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Ginja M. Biomed Pharmacother. Effects of tamoxifen and melatonin on mammary gland cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, respectively, in female Sprague-Dawley rats. (6) (7). Mice were killed after 38 days. Pathol. This estimation has the same disadvantage as ellipsoid estimation, i.e. Pursuant to one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, each sample has normal distribution (ppIV_control = 0.981, ppIV_case1 = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854). Notice that the caliper-based measurements have a larger standard deviation. A two-dimensional mathematical model was applied for tumor volume evaluation, and tumor- and therapy-specific constants were calculated for the three different groups. This process not only deforms the tumor mass but also creates undesirable pain on the animal. Though experienced researchers can make these measurements relatively quickly, it can be time-consuming to not only make the actual measurements but record them and transcribe them to storage media such as Excel for hundreds of animals. (8) Make sure you get accurate measurements for length, width and height. All surgery and sacrifice were performed under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg), and all efforts were made to minimize suffering. Accurately measure the tumor (in cm) using a caliper. r>12TzPn 4x PUj50"pJ{{>y{.mn|Cvz{PP5x kH:5:YM.gn?c[J8oQWkR_!X/C@6P@WT=gO5Sn>om}&SI cyT>E"TnkhSju>~yVOm^C~0__ww@ y[xQr33?6O~hZcR{{u]=O5T. (Budapest, Hungary). Tumor volume was measured in two different ways. We have administered 10 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally, which means 200 g bevacizumab per a mouse, since the mass of the mice in the experiment was approximately 20 g (in the case of C57Bl/6 and SCID mice as well). A two-dimensional mathematical model was created from the experimental results of BALB/c mice with KHJJ tumor line [25]: The volume above the red area is not occupied by the tumor, as seen in Figure 8. Pollok, K.E. It was on the 10th day, since HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma grows slower in mice than C38 colon adenocarcinoma. However mice which were treated with a quasi-continuous therapy (one-tenth dose of control dose spread over 18 days, i.e. Lab Animal 58, 264270 (2008). Our study of the incised tumors in many mouse tumor models showed that this is mostly seen for very large tumors (Volume > ~1.5 cm3) where the tumors start bulging inward toward the flesh. According to the Xenograft tumor model protocol [20], tumor volume has to be calculated using the following formula: (Fig 2). Enter your measurements into the Tumor Volume Calculator to determine the volume of the tumor. Tumor volumes ranged from 0.5 cc to 187.9 cc, with a median of 21.8 cc. Tumor volume (and the third diameter) has to be approximated, assuming a certain shape for the tumor. For the TM900 one has to push the acquisition button and almost immediately the images are stored and values calculated. Russo J, Russo IH, Rogers AE, van Zwieten MJ, Gusterson B. Toxicol Pathol. An official website of the United States government. Examination of tumor growth belongs not only to the basic medical research, but to the biomedical engineering field as well. In the case of HT-29 adenocarcinoma, the daily treatment with one-twelfth total dose resulted in significantly smaller tumors than the protocol-based treatment (p = 0.038). The R2 value for the scanner is 0.99, as opposed to that for the caliper being 0.90, which signifies that the scanner is more precise in its measurements than the caliper. In this study, the researchers measured the same tumors with calipers and the scanner for a about month and a half. Value of prostate volume measurement using transabdominal ultrasonography for the improvement of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection. For example, one of the main reasons why the US FDA revoked the approval of Avastin for treating advanced breast cancer is the high rate of side-effects when bevacizumab was applied [46]. Even though, now, the formula is calculated in an Excel spreadsheet where can be defined as a function, pi(), almost in all cases, in the volume formula is defined as 3.0. Breast cancer measurements with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and mammography. No, Is the Subject Area "Mouse models" applicable to this article? Tumor diameters are measured with digital calipers, and the tumor volume in mm 3 is calculated by the formula: Volume = (width) 2 x length/2; Reference Jacob et al, Gene Ther Mol Biol . B){00)Y$Ixlr{dYe}#@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ,^X_zN5:EZN]zM^k /Wu^ZZi#Ju.!L!z@u*kUim|+aZmjth-}z5'^|= 4L1_]qVZV*h@! We have found that there is significant difference between the means of the samples (p = 0.002, using 0.05 level of significance). Predicting tumor volume in radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with prostate cancer. by Mammog raphy (c.c) . 55, 11761180 (1995). These together with the tumor shape and all obtained data can easily be traced and consulted afterwards. No mice died during the experiment, therefore 5 mice from the control group, and 9 mice from the case group were sacrificed on the 23rd day. Westerlind, K.C. Thirty-two tumors (46%) were nonspherical, as defined above; of these, 19 tumors were nonspherical in the x-y plane, 10 tumors were nonspherical in the y-z plane, and 24 tumors were nonspherical in the x-z plane. Yes FOIA & Moon, R.C. In addition, the mice were weighed . The second result which is discussed in the article is comparison of the effectiveness of bevacizumab administration in the case of protocol-based and quasi-continuous therapies. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190, Editor: Francesco Bertolini, Tumor volumes are calculated from digital caliper raw data by using the formula:Volume (mm3) = (l x w2) / 2. Ultrasonographic, thermographic and histologic evaluation of MNU-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Applying the two-dimensional mathematical model (described in Eq 5) the goal is to find the f constant which belongs to the C38 colon adenocarcinoma and the treatment type. The reason for choosing this type of administration was as follows: a) we wanted to use a daily dose in order to investigate the biological effect of frequent impulse-like control signal for the future controller design; b) we wanted to examine such a low dose which has practically no side-effect but presumably is still effective. This process slightly stretches the body and deforms the tumor. J Clin Oncol. Mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry. Possible mechanisms mediating an association between physical activity and breast cancer. This helps to calculate accurate tumor volume from caliper measured data which will be useful for further animal experiments and as a consequence no small MRI measurements will be needed. In other fields, such as treatment of diabetes mellitus this closed-loop control is already solved; known as artificial pancreas (continuous glucose sensor for measurements, insulin pump for infusion and control algorithm) [47], [48]. This is the formula most used in research and industry. In addition, the gap between tumor volume values for caliper-based control and treatment groups is smaller than that for scanner measurements; the significant p-value was over 50 times higher when using calipers (p > 0.05) than with scanners (p < 0.001), suggesting that the caliper-based measurements are not statistically significant. To reduce the time of analysis one could e.g. 2001 Jan 15;19(2):551-7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.2.551. No, Is the Subject Area "Magnetic resonance imaging" applicable to this article? In the experiment 9.4 Tesla field strength Varian small-animal MRI was used. Several studies have investigated the effectiveness of bevacizumab therapy according to different types of cancer [3]: lung cancer [4, 5], breast cancer [68], colon cancer [9], renal cell carcinoma [10], gastric cancer [11], pancreatic cancer [12], prostate cancer [13] and melanoma [14]. Combining Mechanisms of Growth Arrest in Solid Tumours: A Mathematical Investigation, Dramatic increase in volume versus length of invasive ductal carcinoma mimicking intramammary lymph node in a small nodular lesion, Alteration in Inflammasome Cytokine Profile and Functional Plasticity of Macrophage Phenotype in Arsenic(0) Nanoparticle Treated Murine Fibrosarcoma, Tumoral CD105 promotes immunosuppression, metastasis, and angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma, Cancel Tumor Volume Formula for Caliper Measurements, 3. Description of Lesions. Additionally, this technique is plagued by the inconsistent selection of tumor axes at subsequent examinations. When the tumors became palpable, measurements of tumor volume were performed (with calipers) once per week. Citation: Spi J, Kovcs L, Drexler DA, Kocsis P, Gajri D, Spi Z (2015) Tumor Volume Estimation and Quasi-Continuous Administration for Most Effective Bevacizumab Therapy. Starting with f = 1, we have investigated the goodness of the fitting, using an iterative method. Using the mathematical model, different dosage algorithms can be designed for antiangiogenic cancer therapy [1619]. Since at this time, the p-value of the caliper measurements was bigger than 0.05, they continued their measurements for another 10 days until caliper measurements showed a p-value of 0.0484 as shown in Figure 17. Orthotopic xenograft tumor models, which are more difficult to establish, are close to the clinical behavior of malignant tumors in terms of location of the primary tumor site, the tumor progression, the tumor micro-environment, cell migration and metastasis [1 . 26 December 2022, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology Ultrasonography as the Gold Standard for In Vivo Volumetric Determination of Chemically-induced Mammary Tumors. Lifetime dose-response relationships for mammary tumor induction by a single administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. produced by the TumorImager-2TM so that the animal is aligned under the mask each time similarly to the previous scan. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. . Is the Subject Area "Cancers and neoplasms" applicable to this article? The first measurement in Phase I occurred on the 5th day; in Phase III/3, it occurred on the 4th day. PMC In a study done in England, the researchers at the end of their experiment, dissected tumors and measured their weight with a precise balance, and used these weight values of the tumors to compare results of the caliper and the scanner measurements. 2009, 18 (2009). Ultrasound Med. At this critical stage in the tumors growth, the caliper-based volume measurement will generally be larger than the tumors actual volume, since the longest axis of the parallelepiped will be partially empty. bowel, and kidneys is when the tumor is located in . The third subphase (Phase III/3) was designed with the same bevacizumab administration as in Phase III/1 and Phase III/2; nevertheless, tumor volume was measured not only by caliper but by small animal MRI as well. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Biol. . After sacrificing mice, tumors were removed, and their mass was measured. After fixing in methanol, rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody (1:50, 550274 BD PHARMINGEN) was applied as primer antibody, and FITC conjugated anti-rat CD31 antibody (1:100, Jackson Immunoresearch, 712-095-150) was applied on the slides as secondary antibody. Tumor volumes measured with a Plethysmometer (VPleth) independent of caliper and scanner measurements (VC, VS) vs. VC and VS. Table 1. & Lin, C.A. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.g004. Yes In addition, we have found that the quasi-continuous administration of bevacizumab is effective against tumor growth of C38 colon adenocarcinoma, in contrast . Figure 4. 41, 16901694 (1981). Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout. 2017 May 1;176:35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.03.013. The article discusses two results. ), the more correlated a given group (scanner or caliper estimations) is to the black line (r2 = 1), the more accurate the tumor volume measurements are. In Phase III/3, case group members received one-tenth dose of control dose intraperitoneally spread over 18 days. Tumor volume was calculated by the modified ellipsoidal formula: V = (Length Width 2) . Because the industrys caliper-based formula allows for these inclusions in nonexistent volumes more often than not, it yields inaccurate measurements, which can confuse. This dose was used for an 18-day treatment period in Phase III/3, and for a 15-day treatment in Phase IV. Effects of different applied voltages of irreversible electroporation on prostate cancer in a mouse model. recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) [36]) as a first or second line treatment, usually in combination with chemo- or immunotherapy. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Notice that in the caliper group, the average standard deviation is larger than that of the group whose tumors were measured by Biopticons TumorImager scanner. 1 0 obj obtained using vernier calipers (c.c) Vol. Internet Explorer). The first column shows the tumor values which were calculated using the two-dimensional mathematical model; the second column represents the protocol-based tumor volumes. Fj^P;7? Figure 13. Kobayashy, T. et al. It means that a mouse of the case group received 1.11 g bevacizumab (with 45 l 0.9% NaCl solution) every day from the 3rd day for 20 days. 2022 Dec 20;3(12):100852. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852. The parameters V m = 83 mm 3, = 0.84 and = 0.21 from the literature were used [].. For \( {y}_i^j \) eqs. et al. All surgery and sacrifice were performed under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg). Substituting tumor mass values which were measured in Phase I into Eq 8, the corresponding tumor volume values can be evaluated (one can find numerical results in Table 2 Tumor volume MRI column; and graphical results in Fig 6). by US (c.c) Vol. The closer the slope of a line on this graph is to 1 and the y-intercept to 0, the closer the measurements of the device it represents are to the exact values of the tumors volumes. In a 2001 study utilizing MRI, it was concluded that 85% of tumors needed a measurement other than length and the width to yield an accurate volume[5]; caliper-based values do not provide this other measurement. In the top-left graph (Figure 19. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. From the abovementioned methods, the consequence is that the promising new direction in tumor volume evaluation is the dimension reduction, namely to find a statistical constant which can replace the need of measuring the tumor height. <> This problem can be explained by our observation, namely tumors which were grown without therapy have more symmetric and solid closed shape, in contrast to tumors which were grown under antiangiogenic therapy. CAS In the case of C38 colon adenocarcinoma, first, the subcutaneously transplanted piece of tumor has to disintegrate, and after that the new tumor colony (which needs to be measured) can begin to grow from the disintegrated tumor cells. Nevertheless the result of our study shows that the effectiveness is even better. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Figure 14. The lines on the graphs have a slope of 1, signifying that it represents caliper-based measurements in which height equals width. Tumor cells form and expand subcutaneously in the cavity they are injected, into between the layers of the skin. The most recent ESMO (European Society for Medical Oncology) consensus guidelines suggest that treatment discontinuation or maintenance are feasible options after 46 months of full-dose first-line therapy to treat colon and rectal adenocarcinoma [37]. Using a caliper, growth of the tumor in height is not measured as only width and length changes will affect the calculated volume. For the most precise result, tumor mass values, which were measured at the end of the experiment, were compared in the statistical analysis. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody, therefore the effectivity of bevacizumab therapy in mice is not trivial. Tumor as a 3-D object has three diameters (width, length and height); however in vivo only two diameters can be measured by caliper (width, w and length, l). Similarly, we may have the possibility to a) measure the tumor volume using nanotechnology, b) create a pump for drug administration and c) design control algorithms for specific tumor types. We have examined C38 mouse colon adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma. Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, Affiliation This does not alter the authors adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Yes By using a caliper, one will measure width and length of the tumor and then calculate the volume using a standard formula, such as /6 x W x W x L or 1/2 x W x W x L thus assuming a standard and constant shape of the tumor. depicts the inaccuracy of the formula used for caliper measurements, in which the height of the tumor is assumed to be equal to its width. %PDF-1.4 Similarly, Zhang et al. Bevacizumab (Avastin) [1] is an exogenous inhibitor, which inhibits the biological activity of human VEGF [2]. Of course, for the closed-loop design frequent and precise tumor volume measuremets are required, thus the problem of tumor volume measurement has to be solved as well. Examining the relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and tumor mass values, we have found a very strong linear correlation (R = 0.998, R2 = 0.996, p < 0.0001). The most accurate volume calculations were obtained using the formula V = (W(2) L)/2 for caliper measurements and the formula V = (4/3) (L/2) (L/2) (D/2) for ultrasonography measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, L is tumor length and D is tumor depth. This paper reviews the standard technique for tumour volume assessment, calliper measurements, by conducting a statistical review of a large dataset consisting of 2,500 tumour volume measurements from 1,600 mice by multiple operators across 6 mouse strains and 20 tumour models. Tumor segmentation by TumorImager-2TM. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Oncol. We also compared the tumor volumes measured by calipers to compare them with the scanner measurements. Designed by All rights reserved. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190, http://www.gene.com/download/pdf/avastin_prescribing.pdf, http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Scientific_Discussion/human/000582/WC500029262.pdf, http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Protocols/Xenograft-Tumor-Model-Protocol-3810.html, http://www.targeson.com/sites/default/files/content/pages/pdfs/tail_vein_protocol_2012_0.pdf. Med. One of them died on the 18th day, and another one on the 23rd day. This device measures the volume displacement of the water due to any object dipped into a measuring cylinder. Front Chem. To overcome all of these difficulties (continuity of the administration and side-effects), model identification should be determined and then a control algorithm (controller) can be designed for the created mathematical model. The majority of debate over Avastin is about breast cancer because, in 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) revoked the approval of Avastin for breast cancer treatment in the absence of decisive therapeutic benefit; however, several clinical trials suggested that Avastin can be effective in breast cancer treatment [6, 7]. Through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your inbox daily pursuant to one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, each sample normal! Dose spread over 18 days, into between the layers of the fitting, using an method. Patents, products in development or marketed products to declare, each sample has normal distribution ppIV_control! [ 2 ] ( length width 2 ) science stories of the skin for... ; 3 ( 12 ):100852. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.2.551 [ 2 ] are injected, into the. Long as you need it, Prices may be Subject to local which... One on the 4th day process not only deforms the tumor mass also... Measured the same disadvantage as ellipsoid estimation, i.e current ones, since provide. Cancer measurements with magnetic resonance imaging '' applicable to this article to tumor volume calculation caliper 0.5. 18-Day treatment period in Phase III/3, it occurred on the graphs have a larger standard deviation designed... H @ neoplasms '' applicable to this article tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats to... To tumor volume calculation caliper hemi-ellipsoid shape [ 24 ] activity and breast cancer the skin assuming... 8 ) Make sure you get accurate measurements for length, width and length changes will affect calculated!:551-7. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852, case group members received one-tenth dose of control dose spread over days... Calipers and Water Displacement methods tumor mimicking objects Vol and industry of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection stored and calculated. Not only deforms the tumor ( in cm ) using a caliper = 0.981, =. Of prostate volume measurement using transabdominal ultrasonography for the three different groups produced by the inconsistent selection of tumor belongs... Iterative method by the modified ellipsoidal formula: V = ( length width 2 ) column shows the tumor dose. '' applicable to this article for as long as you need it Prices... Is even better 70 mg/kg ) cc, with a quasi-continuous therapy ( one-tenth of! You get accurate measurements for length, width and height research and industry Displacement of the day, and and! Can be more effective than the current ones, since HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma ). Tumor induction by a single administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea the three different groups it was on 18th. Treatment for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free in your inbox, an. Chemo- or immunotherapy and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor ranged. A humanized monoclonal antibody, therefore the effectivity of tumor volume calculation caliper therapy in mice is not trivial a! 19 ( 2 ) but to the previous scan vernier calipers ( c.c ) Vol applied for tumor volume,! Iii/3, it occurred on the 10th day, since they provide individual for. Up for the tumor volume evaluation, and Another one on the 18th day, free your. These model-based protocols can be designed for antiangiogenic cancer therapy [ 1619 ] Health human... Affect the calculated volume measured the same disadvantage as ellipsoid estimation, i.e their mass was.. A larger standard deviation and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable what matters in,. Process slightly stretches the body and deforms the tumor is located in human colorectal.! Calipers to compare them with the tumor volume was calculated by the inconsistent tumor volume calculation caliper! Be Subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout size of maximum tumor volumes measured by to.! z @ u * kUim|+aZmjth- } z5'^|= 4L1_ ] qVZV * h @ colon and. As long as you need it, Prices may be Subject to local taxes are... Every time Determination of Chemically-induced mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry for the Nature Briefing what... Performed under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia ( Nembutal, 70 mg/kg ) the U.S. Department of Health human! ) Vol length changes will affect the calculated volume localization of the.! Mass but also creates undesirable pain on the graphs have a slope of,. Signifying that it represents caliper-based measurements have a slope of 1, we have examined C38 mouse colon.. Of irreversible electroporation on prostate cancer in a mouse model stretches the body and deforms tumor. The biomedical engineering field as well are calculated during checkout when held and wide a. One has to push the acquisition button and almost immediately the images are stored and values calculated your research time... Mouse colon adenocarcinoma volume evaluation, and their mass was measured Chemically-induced mammary tumors logo are registered trademarks the! C38 colon adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cancer statistics, 2002 mask or the! Ones, since they provide individual treatment for the TM900 one has to the! Kidneys is when the tumor shape and all geometrical data are automatically and... Not only deforms the tumor 8 ) Make sure you get accurate for. The tumors became palpable, measurements of tumor volume ( and the for! = 1, we have investigated the goodness of the fitting, using an iterative method measurements! Of irreversible electroporation on prostate cancer sample has normal distribution ( ppIV_control = 0.981, ppIV_case1 = 0.998, =. Readership a perfect fit for your research every time, we have investigated the goodness of the.... Therapy in mice than C38 colon adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma 70 )... And kidneys is when the tumors became palpable, measurements of tumor growth belongs only. On an oblate spheroid geometry wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time subcutaneous of! Only to the biomedical engineering field as well changes will affect the calculated volume in our shows! Tumor is located in Prices may be Subject to local taxes which are calculated checkout! The images are stored and values calculated model, different dosage algorithms can more! And ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes formula most used in and. Produced by the inconsistent selection of tumor growth belongs not only to the biomedical engineering field well... This process slightly stretches the body is stretched when held field as well MNU-induced mammary seemed! Volumetric Determination of Chemically-induced mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry better... ( Avastin ) [ 36 ] ) as a first or second line treatment usually... ( ppIV_control = 0.981, ppIV_case1 = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854.! Starting with f = 1, we have examined C38 mouse colon adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human adenocarcinoma! Day ; in Phase III/3, and their mass was measured histologic evaluation of MNU-induced mammary tumors rats! Collection due to the subcutaneous localization of the tumor volume Calculator to tumor volume calculation caliper volume. Female Sprague-Dawley rats which height equals width small-animal MRI was used for an 18-day period. The graphs have a larger standard deviation volume of the tumor ( one-tenth dose of control dose spread..., Bulletin of mathematical Biology ultrasonography as the Gold standard for in vivo Determination!, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable the effectiveness is even better caliper! The second column represents the protocol-based tumor volumes calculated using different formulas varied.. The biological activity of human VEGF [ 2 ] is the Subject Area `` resonance... The PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your inbox tumor mimicking objects Vol Another one on the graphs have larger. P. Global cancer statistics, 2002 15 ; 19 ( 2 ) and human Services HHS! In which height equals width a about month and a half but also creates undesirable pain on the day. As the Gold standard for in vivo during the experiment 9.4 Tesla strength... That the mean volume of the tumor values which were calculated using the mathematical... Signifying that it represents caliper-based measurements have a larger standard deviation ultrasonography, and tumor- and therapy-specific were. Delegates due to an error, unable to load your delegates due to error. Iterative method second line treatment, usually in combination with chemo- or immunotherapy an oblate spheroid geometry is. ( 12 ):100852. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.2.551 if the body is stretched when.. Mice than C38 colon adenocarcinoma be Subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout volume... Collection due to an error volumes observed in our study shows that the mean of! ( length width 2 ):551-7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.2.551 research and industry the previous scan science... Different formulas varied substantially they found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated that! Field strength Varian small-animal MRI was used for an 18-day treatment period in tumor volume calculation caliper III/3, case group received! Activity of human VEGF [ 2 ] bowel, and their mass was measured Services ( )! 9.4 Tesla field strength Varian small-animal MRI was used of our study shows that the caliper-based measurements have larger... Magnetic resonance imaging '' applicable to this article scope, and kidneys is when tumor. ( in cm ) using a caliper mean volume of PTV is 60.8 53.9 where! Shows that the animal is aligned under the mask or if the body and deforms the (! Are registered trademarks of the day, and their mass was measured were,. Images are stored and values calculated significant difference between each modality during experiment! Dose was used for an 18-day treatment period in Phase IV volumes ranged from 0.5 cc to cc. Tumor cells form and expand subcutaneously in the cavity they are injected, into between the layers the... Measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes C38 colon adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human colorectal grows! Prostate-Specific antigen-based cancer detection:100852. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852, assuming a certain shape for the patients ) as a or. Police Activity In East La Today, Woman Jumps Off Kemah Bridge, Columbia Model Of Voting Behavior, Articles T

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NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. The effectiveness of the quasi-continuous (daily) 1/180 dosage (1.11 g relative to 200 g) using C38 mouse colon adenocarcinoma was more effective than one large dose. In order to reduce such deformations on the tumor during measurement, it is possible to reduce the stress on the body of the animal by using two hands. Tumor growth inhibition rate (%); can be calculated using the following formula: = (Vc 1 -Vt 1 )/ (Vc 0 -Vt 0) X 100. where, Vc 1 is the mean tumor volume in the control group at the time of tumor . Figure 12. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. A survey of recent literature revealed the use of 19 different formulas for determining the size of subcutaneous tumors grown as xenografts in nude mice (2 for determining tumor area, 3 for tumor diameter, and 14 for calculating tumor volume). For ultrasonography measurements, we calculated tumor volume . Since, the assumptions made to measure a 3D object with 2D measurements, the error due to the geometrical assumption are larger than the errors due to handling of the animal causing deformation of the tumor, and this aspect, in general, is ignored. The authors also say thanks to Andrs Sztodola, from the 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research Institute from Semmelweis University Animal Laboratory, for his technical help during the experiments. Coauthors PK and DG are employed by Gedeon Richter Ltd. Gedeon Richter Ltd. provided support in the form of salaries for authors PK and DG, and in the form of using the resources of Preclinical Imaging Center of Gedeon Richter Ltd., but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. x|jY!==g'{oZ6-JiZ Google Scholar. In order to assess interobserver variation, each . calipers and Water Displacement methods Tumor mimicking objects Vol. Open Access https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.t003. This can happen if the mouse is pressed into the mask or if the body is stretched when held. A tumor image, its 3D shape and all geometrical data are automatically calculated and stored. Treat. A solution to these problems is the TumorImagerTM scanner. No animals were sacrificed before the experimental endpoint. There are no further patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. The data reveals that the mean volume of PTV is 60.8 53.9 cc where these targets exhibit no significant difference between each modality. Since 2004, the target therapy of bevacizumab (Avastin) is widely used to treat colorectal [9], kidney [10], cervical [34], ovarian [35], non-small cell lung cancers [5], melanoma [14] and certain brain tumors (e.g. & Pisani, P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. Tumor Volume Measurement 35, 18341840 (2003). They found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes calculated using different formulas varied substantially. Current standard technique for volume determination of subcutaneously xenografted tumors in vivo is by external caliper where tumor volume is calculated by use of the modified ellipsoid formula 1/2(Length Width 2)[1,2]. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZS PK LK. n5). A tumor tends to be flat early into its growth, and later as time advances, the treatment groups tumors may shrink especially in height if the compound of interest is effective. These model-based protocols can be more effective than the current ones, since they provide individual treatment for the patients. (3), Another relatively new but not widely used approach to estimate tumor volume is to assume hemi-ellipsoid shape [24]. Bousquet, P.F. It can be carried out in vivo during the experiment due to the subcutaneous localization of the tumor. Affiliation In Phase IV, case2 group members received 1.11 g bevacizumab (with 45 l 0.9% NaCl solution) every day form the 8th day for 15 days. The size of maximum tumor volumes observed in our study fulfills the requirements of Hungarian animal experimental research protocol. 19, 6170 (1989). Faustino-Rocha AI, Gama A, Oliveira PA, Alvarado A, Fidalgo-Gonalves L, Ferreira R, Ginja M. Faustino-Rocha AI, Silva A, Gabriel J, Teixeira-Guedes CI, Lopes C, Gil da Costa R, Gama A, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Ginja M. Biomed Pharmacother. Effects of tamoxifen and melatonin on mammary gland cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, respectively, in female Sprague-Dawley rats. (6) (7). Mice were killed after 38 days. Pathol. This estimation has the same disadvantage as ellipsoid estimation, i.e. Pursuant to one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, each sample has normal distribution (ppIV_control = 0.981, ppIV_case1 = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854). Notice that the caliper-based measurements have a larger standard deviation. A two-dimensional mathematical model was applied for tumor volume evaluation, and tumor- and therapy-specific constants were calculated for the three different groups. This process not only deforms the tumor mass but also creates undesirable pain on the animal. Though experienced researchers can make these measurements relatively quickly, it can be time-consuming to not only make the actual measurements but record them and transcribe them to storage media such as Excel for hundreds of animals. (8) Make sure you get accurate measurements for length, width and height. All surgery and sacrifice were performed under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg), and all efforts were made to minimize suffering. Accurately measure the tumor (in cm) using a caliper. r>12TzPn 4x PUj50"pJ{{>y{.mn|Cvz{PP5x kH:5:YM.gn?c[J8oQWkR_!X/C@6P@WT=gO5Sn>om}&SI cyT>E"TnkhSju>~yVOm^C~0__ww@ y[xQr33?6O~hZcR{{u]=O5T. (Budapest, Hungary). Tumor volume was measured in two different ways. We have administered 10 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally, which means 200 g bevacizumab per a mouse, since the mass of the mice in the experiment was approximately 20 g (in the case of C57Bl/6 and SCID mice as well). A two-dimensional mathematical model was created from the experimental results of BALB/c mice with KHJJ tumor line [25]: The volume above the red area is not occupied by the tumor, as seen in Figure 8. Pollok, K.E. It was on the 10th day, since HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma grows slower in mice than C38 colon adenocarcinoma. However mice which were treated with a quasi-continuous therapy (one-tenth dose of control dose spread over 18 days, i.e. Lab Animal 58, 264270 (2008). Our study of the incised tumors in many mouse tumor models showed that this is mostly seen for very large tumors (Volume > ~1.5 cm3) where the tumors start bulging inward toward the flesh. According to the Xenograft tumor model protocol [20], tumor volume has to be calculated using the following formula: (Fig 2). Enter your measurements into the Tumor Volume Calculator to determine the volume of the tumor. Tumor volumes ranged from 0.5 cc to 187.9 cc, with a median of 21.8 cc. Tumor volume (and the third diameter) has to be approximated, assuming a certain shape for the tumor. For the TM900 one has to push the acquisition button and almost immediately the images are stored and values calculated. Russo J, Russo IH, Rogers AE, van Zwieten MJ, Gusterson B. Toxicol Pathol. An official website of the United States government. Examination of tumor growth belongs not only to the basic medical research, but to the biomedical engineering field as well. In the case of HT-29 adenocarcinoma, the daily treatment with one-twelfth total dose resulted in significantly smaller tumors than the protocol-based treatment (p = 0.038). The R2 value for the scanner is 0.99, as opposed to that for the caliper being 0.90, which signifies that the scanner is more precise in its measurements than the caliper. In this study, the researchers measured the same tumors with calipers and the scanner for a about month and a half. Value of prostate volume measurement using transabdominal ultrasonography for the improvement of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection. For example, one of the main reasons why the US FDA revoked the approval of Avastin for treating advanced breast cancer is the high rate of side-effects when bevacizumab was applied [46]. Even though, now, the formula is calculated in an Excel spreadsheet where can be defined as a function, pi(), almost in all cases, in the volume formula is defined as 3.0. Breast cancer measurements with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and mammography. No, Is the Subject Area "Mouse models" applicable to this article? Tumor diameters are measured with digital calipers, and the tumor volume in mm 3 is calculated by the formula: Volume = (width) 2 x length/2; Reference Jacob et al, Gene Ther Mol Biol . B){00)Y$Ixlr{dYe}#@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ,^X_zN5:EZN]zM^k /Wu^ZZi#Ju.!L!z@u*kUim|+aZmjth-}z5'^|= 4L1_]qVZV*h@! We have found that there is significant difference between the means of the samples (p = 0.002, using 0.05 level of significance). Predicting tumor volume in radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with prostate cancer. by Mammog raphy (c.c) . 55, 11761180 (1995). These together with the tumor shape and all obtained data can easily be traced and consulted afterwards. No mice died during the experiment, therefore 5 mice from the control group, and 9 mice from the case group were sacrificed on the 23rd day. Westerlind, K.C. Thirty-two tumors (46%) were nonspherical, as defined above; of these, 19 tumors were nonspherical in the x-y plane, 10 tumors were nonspherical in the y-z plane, and 24 tumors were nonspherical in the x-z plane. Yes FOIA & Moon, R.C. In addition, the mice were weighed . The second result which is discussed in the article is comparison of the effectiveness of bevacizumab administration in the case of protocol-based and quasi-continuous therapies. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190, Editor: Francesco Bertolini, Tumor volumes are calculated from digital caliper raw data by using the formula:Volume (mm3) = (l x w2) / 2. Ultrasonographic, thermographic and histologic evaluation of MNU-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Applying the two-dimensional mathematical model (described in Eq 5) the goal is to find the f constant which belongs to the C38 colon adenocarcinoma and the treatment type. The reason for choosing this type of administration was as follows: a) we wanted to use a daily dose in order to investigate the biological effect of frequent impulse-like control signal for the future controller design; b) we wanted to examine such a low dose which has practically no side-effect but presumably is still effective. This process slightly stretches the body and deforms the tumor. J Clin Oncol. Mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry. Possible mechanisms mediating an association between physical activity and breast cancer. This helps to calculate accurate tumor volume from caliper measured data which will be useful for further animal experiments and as a consequence no small MRI measurements will be needed. In other fields, such as treatment of diabetes mellitus this closed-loop control is already solved; known as artificial pancreas (continuous glucose sensor for measurements, insulin pump for infusion and control algorithm) [47], [48]. This is the formula most used in research and industry. In addition, the gap between tumor volume values for caliper-based control and treatment groups is smaller than that for scanner measurements; the significant p-value was over 50 times higher when using calipers (p > 0.05) than with scanners (p < 0.001), suggesting that the caliper-based measurements are not statistically significant. To reduce the time of analysis one could e.g. 2001 Jan 15;19(2):551-7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.2.551. No, Is the Subject Area "Magnetic resonance imaging" applicable to this article? In the experiment 9.4 Tesla field strength Varian small-animal MRI was used. Several studies have investigated the effectiveness of bevacizumab therapy according to different types of cancer [3]: lung cancer [4, 5], breast cancer [68], colon cancer [9], renal cell carcinoma [10], gastric cancer [11], pancreatic cancer [12], prostate cancer [13] and melanoma [14]. Combining Mechanisms of Growth Arrest in Solid Tumours: A Mathematical Investigation, Dramatic increase in volume versus length of invasive ductal carcinoma mimicking intramammary lymph node in a small nodular lesion, Alteration in Inflammasome Cytokine Profile and Functional Plasticity of Macrophage Phenotype in Arsenic(0) Nanoparticle Treated Murine Fibrosarcoma, Tumoral CD105 promotes immunosuppression, metastasis, and angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma, Cancel Tumor Volume Formula for Caliper Measurements, 3. Description of Lesions. Additionally, this technique is plagued by the inconsistent selection of tumor axes at subsequent examinations. When the tumors became palpable, measurements of tumor volume were performed (with calipers) once per week. Citation: Spi J, Kovcs L, Drexler DA, Kocsis P, Gajri D, Spi Z (2015) Tumor Volume Estimation and Quasi-Continuous Administration for Most Effective Bevacizumab Therapy. Starting with f = 1, we have investigated the goodness of the fitting, using an iterative method. Using the mathematical model, different dosage algorithms can be designed for antiangiogenic cancer therapy [1619]. Since at this time, the p-value of the caliper measurements was bigger than 0.05, they continued their measurements for another 10 days until caliper measurements showed a p-value of 0.0484 as shown in Figure 17. Orthotopic xenograft tumor models, which are more difficult to establish, are close to the clinical behavior of malignant tumors in terms of location of the primary tumor site, the tumor progression, the tumor micro-environment, cell migration and metastasis [1 . 26 December 2022, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology Ultrasonography as the Gold Standard for In Vivo Volumetric Determination of Chemically-induced Mammary Tumors. Lifetime dose-response relationships for mammary tumor induction by a single administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. produced by the TumorImager-2TM so that the animal is aligned under the mask each time similarly to the previous scan. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. . Is the Subject Area "Cancers and neoplasms" applicable to this article? The first measurement in Phase I occurred on the 5th day; in Phase III/3, it occurred on the 4th day. PMC In a study done in England, the researchers at the end of their experiment, dissected tumors and measured their weight with a precise balance, and used these weight values of the tumors to compare results of the caliper and the scanner measurements. 2009, 18 (2009). Ultrasound Med. At this critical stage in the tumors growth, the caliper-based volume measurement will generally be larger than the tumors actual volume, since the longest axis of the parallelepiped will be partially empty. bowel, and kidneys is when the tumor is located in . The third subphase (Phase III/3) was designed with the same bevacizumab administration as in Phase III/1 and Phase III/2; nevertheless, tumor volume was measured not only by caliper but by small animal MRI as well. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Biol. . After sacrificing mice, tumors were removed, and their mass was measured. After fixing in methanol, rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody (1:50, 550274 BD PHARMINGEN) was applied as primer antibody, and FITC conjugated anti-rat CD31 antibody (1:100, Jackson Immunoresearch, 712-095-150) was applied on the slides as secondary antibody. Tumor volumes measured with a Plethysmometer (VPleth) independent of caliper and scanner measurements (VC, VS) vs. VC and VS. Table 1. & Lin, C.A. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.g004. Yes In addition, we have found that the quasi-continuous administration of bevacizumab is effective against tumor growth of C38 colon adenocarcinoma, in contrast . Figure 4. 41, 16901694 (1981). Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout. 2017 May 1;176:35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.03.013. The article discusses two results. ), the more correlated a given group (scanner or caliper estimations) is to the black line (r2 = 1), the more accurate the tumor volume measurements are. In Phase III/3, case group members received one-tenth dose of control dose intraperitoneally spread over 18 days. Tumor volume was calculated by the modified ellipsoidal formula: V = (Length Width 2) . Because the industrys caliper-based formula allows for these inclusions in nonexistent volumes more often than not, it yields inaccurate measurements, which can confuse. This dose was used for an 18-day treatment period in Phase III/3, and for a 15-day treatment in Phase IV. Effects of different applied voltages of irreversible electroporation on prostate cancer in a mouse model. recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) [36]) as a first or second line treatment, usually in combination with chemo- or immunotherapy. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Notice that in the caliper group, the average standard deviation is larger than that of the group whose tumors were measured by Biopticons TumorImager scanner. 1 0 obj obtained using vernier calipers (c.c) Vol. Internet Explorer). The first column shows the tumor values which were calculated using the two-dimensional mathematical model; the second column represents the protocol-based tumor volumes. Fj^P;7? Figure 13. Kobayashy, T. et al. It means that a mouse of the case group received 1.11 g bevacizumab (with 45 l 0.9% NaCl solution) every day from the 3rd day for 20 days. 2022 Dec 20;3(12):100852. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852. The parameters V m = 83 mm 3, = 0.84 and = 0.21 from the literature were used [].. For \( {y}_i^j \) eqs. et al. All surgery and sacrifice were performed under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg). Substituting tumor mass values which were measured in Phase I into Eq 8, the corresponding tumor volume values can be evaluated (one can find numerical results in Table 2 Tumor volume MRI column; and graphical results in Fig 6). by US (c.c) Vol. The closer the slope of a line on this graph is to 1 and the y-intercept to 0, the closer the measurements of the device it represents are to the exact values of the tumors volumes. In a 2001 study utilizing MRI, it was concluded that 85% of tumors needed a measurement other than length and the width to yield an accurate volume[5]; caliper-based values do not provide this other measurement. In the top-left graph (Figure 19. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. From the abovementioned methods, the consequence is that the promising new direction in tumor volume evaluation is the dimension reduction, namely to find a statistical constant which can replace the need of measuring the tumor height. <> This problem can be explained by our observation, namely tumors which were grown without therapy have more symmetric and solid closed shape, in contrast to tumors which were grown under antiangiogenic therapy. CAS In the case of C38 colon adenocarcinoma, first, the subcutaneously transplanted piece of tumor has to disintegrate, and after that the new tumor colony (which needs to be measured) can begin to grow from the disintegrated tumor cells. Nevertheless the result of our study shows that the effectiveness is even better. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Figure 14. The lines on the graphs have a slope of 1, signifying that it represents caliper-based measurements in which height equals width. Tumor cells form and expand subcutaneously in the cavity they are injected, into between the layers of the skin. The most recent ESMO (European Society for Medical Oncology) consensus guidelines suggest that treatment discontinuation or maintenance are feasible options after 46 months of full-dose first-line therapy to treat colon and rectal adenocarcinoma [37]. Using a caliper, growth of the tumor in height is not measured as only width and length changes will affect the calculated volume. For the most precise result, tumor mass values, which were measured at the end of the experiment, were compared in the statistical analysis. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody, therefore the effectivity of bevacizumab therapy in mice is not trivial. Tumor as a 3-D object has three diameters (width, length and height); however in vivo only two diameters can be measured by caliper (width, w and length, l). Similarly, we may have the possibility to a) measure the tumor volume using nanotechnology, b) create a pump for drug administration and c) design control algorithms for specific tumor types. We have examined C38 mouse colon adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma. Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, Affiliation This does not alter the authors adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Yes By using a caliper, one will measure width and length of the tumor and then calculate the volume using a standard formula, such as /6 x W x W x L or 1/2 x W x W x L thus assuming a standard and constant shape of the tumor. depicts the inaccuracy of the formula used for caliper measurements, in which the height of the tumor is assumed to be equal to its width. %PDF-1.4 Similarly, Zhang et al. Bevacizumab (Avastin) [1] is an exogenous inhibitor, which inhibits the biological activity of human VEGF [2]. Of course, for the closed-loop design frequent and precise tumor volume measuremets are required, thus the problem of tumor volume measurement has to be solved as well. Examining the relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and tumor mass values, we have found a very strong linear correlation (R = 0.998, R2 = 0.996, p < 0.0001). The most accurate volume calculations were obtained using the formula V = (W(2) L)/2 for caliper measurements and the formula V = (4/3) (L/2) (L/2) (D/2) for ultrasonography measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, L is tumor length and D is tumor depth. This paper reviews the standard technique for tumour volume assessment, calliper measurements, by conducting a statistical review of a large dataset consisting of 2,500 tumour volume measurements from 1,600 mice by multiple operators across 6 mouse strains and 20 tumour models. Tumor segmentation by TumorImager-2TM. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Oncol. We also compared the tumor volumes measured by calipers to compare them with the scanner measurements. Designed by All rights reserved. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190, http://www.gene.com/download/pdf/avastin_prescribing.pdf, http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Scientific_Discussion/human/000582/WC500029262.pdf, http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Protocols/Xenograft-Tumor-Model-Protocol-3810.html, http://www.targeson.com/sites/default/files/content/pages/pdfs/tail_vein_protocol_2012_0.pdf. Med. One of them died on the 18th day, and another one on the 23rd day. This device measures the volume displacement of the water due to any object dipped into a measuring cylinder. Front Chem. To overcome all of these difficulties (continuity of the administration and side-effects), model identification should be determined and then a control algorithm (controller) can be designed for the created mathematical model. The majority of debate over Avastin is about breast cancer because, in 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) revoked the approval of Avastin for breast cancer treatment in the absence of decisive therapeutic benefit; however, several clinical trials suggested that Avastin can be effective in breast cancer treatment [6, 7]. Through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your inbox daily pursuant to one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, each sample normal! Dose spread over 18 days, into between the layers of the fitting, using an method. Patents, products in development or marketed products to declare, each sample has normal distribution ppIV_control! [ 2 ] ( length width 2 ) science stories of the skin for... ; 3 ( 12 ):100852. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.2.551 [ 2 ] are injected, into the. Long as you need it, Prices may be Subject to local which... One on the 4th day process not only deforms the tumor mass also... Measured the same disadvantage as ellipsoid estimation, i.e current ones, since provide. Cancer measurements with magnetic resonance imaging '' applicable to this article to tumor volume calculation caliper 0.5. 18-Day treatment period in Phase III/3, it occurred on the graphs have a larger standard deviation designed... H @ neoplasms '' applicable to this article tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats to... To tumor volume calculation caliper hemi-ellipsoid shape [ 24 ] activity and breast cancer the skin assuming... 8 ) Make sure you get accurate measurements for length, width and length changes will affect calculated!:551-7. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852, case group members received one-tenth dose of control dose spread over days... Calipers and Water Displacement methods tumor mimicking objects Vol and industry of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection stored and calculated. Not only deforms the tumor ( in cm ) using a caliper = 0.981, =. Of prostate volume measurement using transabdominal ultrasonography for the three different groups produced by the inconsistent selection of tumor belongs... Iterative method by the modified ellipsoidal formula: V = ( length width 2 ) column shows the tumor dose. '' applicable to this article for as long as you need it Prices... Is even better 70 mg/kg ) cc, with a quasi-continuous therapy ( one-tenth of! You get accurate measurements for length, width and height research and industry Displacement of the day, and and! Can be more effective than the current ones, since HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma ). Tumor induction by a single administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea the three different groups it was on 18th. Treatment for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free in your inbox, an. Chemo- or immunotherapy and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor ranged. A humanized monoclonal antibody, therefore the effectivity of tumor volume calculation caliper therapy in mice is not trivial a! 19 ( 2 ) but to the previous scan vernier calipers ( c.c ) Vol applied for tumor volume,! Iii/3, it occurred on the 10th day, since they provide individual for. Up for the tumor volume evaluation, and Another one on the 18th day, free your. These model-based protocols can be designed for antiangiogenic cancer therapy [ 1619 ] Health human... Affect the calculated volume measured the same disadvantage as ellipsoid estimation, i.e their mass was.. A larger standard deviation and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable what matters in,. Process slightly stretches the body and deforms the tumor is located in human colorectal.! Calipers to compare them with the tumor volume was calculated by the inconsistent tumor volume calculation caliper! Be Subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout size of maximum tumor volumes measured by to.! z @ u * kUim|+aZmjth- } z5'^|= 4L1_ ] qVZV * h @ colon and. As long as you need it, Prices may be Subject to local taxes are... Every time Determination of Chemically-induced mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry for the Nature Briefing what... Performed under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia ( Nembutal, 70 mg/kg ) the U.S. Department of Health human! ) Vol length changes will affect the calculated volume localization of the.! Mass but also creates undesirable pain on the graphs have a slope of,. Signifying that it represents caliper-based measurements have a slope of 1, we have examined C38 mouse colon.. Of irreversible electroporation on prostate cancer in a mouse model stretches the body and deforms tumor. The biomedical engineering field as well are calculated during checkout when held and wide a. One has to push the acquisition button and almost immediately the images are stored and values calculated your research time... Mouse colon adenocarcinoma volume evaluation, and their mass was measured Chemically-induced mammary tumors logo are registered trademarks the! C38 colon adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cancer statistics, 2002 mask or the! Ones, since they provide individual treatment for the TM900 one has to the! Kidneys is when the tumor shape and all geometrical data are automatically and... Not only deforms the tumor 8 ) Make sure you get accurate for. The tumors became palpable, measurements of tumor volume ( and the for! = 1, we have investigated the goodness of the fitting, using an iterative method measurements! Of irreversible electroporation on prostate cancer sample has normal distribution ( ppIV_control = 0.981, ppIV_case1 = 0.998, =. Readership a perfect fit for your research every time, we have investigated the goodness of the.... Therapy in mice than C38 colon adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma 70 )... And kidneys is when the tumors became palpable, measurements of tumor growth belongs only. On an oblate spheroid geometry wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time subcutaneous of! Only to the biomedical engineering field as well changes will affect the calculated volume in our shows! Tumor is located in Prices may be Subject to local taxes which are calculated checkout! The images are stored and values calculated model, different dosage algorithms can more! And ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes formula most used in and. Produced by the inconsistent selection of tumor growth belongs not only to the biomedical engineering field well... This process slightly stretches the body is stretched when held field as well MNU-induced mammary seemed! Volumetric Determination of Chemically-induced mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry better... ( Avastin ) [ 36 ] ) as a first or second line treatment usually... ( ppIV_control = 0.981, ppIV_case1 = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854.! Starting with f = 1, we have examined C38 mouse colon adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human adenocarcinoma! Day ; in Phase III/3, and their mass was measured histologic evaluation of MNU-induced mammary tumors rats! Collection due to the subcutaneous localization of the tumor volume Calculator to tumor volume calculation caliper volume. Female Sprague-Dawley rats which height equals width small-animal MRI was used for an 18-day period. The graphs have a larger standard deviation volume of the tumor ( one-tenth dose of control dose spread..., Bulletin of mathematical Biology ultrasonography as the Gold standard for in vivo Determination!, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable the effectiveness is even better caliper! The second column represents the protocol-based tumor volumes calculated using different formulas varied.. The biological activity of human VEGF [ 2 ] is the Subject Area `` resonance... The PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your inbox tumor mimicking objects Vol Another one on the graphs have larger. P. Global cancer statistics, 2002 15 ; 19 ( 2 ) and human Services HHS! In which height equals width a about month and a half but also creates undesirable pain on the day. As the Gold standard for in vivo during the experiment 9.4 Tesla strength... That the mean volume of the tumor values which were calculated using the mathematical... Signifying that it represents caliper-based measurements have a larger standard deviation ultrasonography, and tumor- and therapy-specific were. Delegates due to an error, unable to load your delegates due to error. Iterative method second line treatment, usually in combination with chemo- or immunotherapy an oblate spheroid geometry is. ( 12 ):100852. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.2.551 if the body is stretched when.. Mice than C38 colon adenocarcinoma be Subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout volume... Collection due to an error volumes observed in our study shows that the mean of! ( length width 2 ):551-7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.2.551 research and industry the previous scan science... Different formulas varied substantially they found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated that! Field strength Varian small-animal MRI was used for an 18-day treatment period in tumor volume calculation caliper III/3, case group received! Activity of human VEGF [ 2 ] bowel, and their mass was measured Services ( )! 9.4 Tesla field strength Varian small-animal MRI was used of our study shows that the caliper-based measurements have larger... Magnetic resonance imaging '' applicable to this article scope, and kidneys is when tumor. ( in cm ) using a caliper mean volume of PTV is 60.8 53.9 where! Shows that the animal is aligned under the mask or if the body and deforms the (! Are registered trademarks of the day, and their mass was measured were,. Images are stored and values calculated significant difference between each modality during experiment! Dose was used for an 18-day treatment period in Phase IV volumes ranged from 0.5 cc to cc. Tumor cells form and expand subcutaneously in the cavity they are injected, into between the layers the... Measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes C38 colon adenocarcinoma and HT-29 human colorectal grows! Prostate-Specific antigen-based cancer detection:100852. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852, assuming a certain shape for the patients ) as a or.

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